| Profilo di E.青青子衿FotoBlogElenchi | Guida |
|
19/07/2006 关于古典音乐的对话(二)这篇来自通信。
嗯,在我们平时接触到的西方音乐史上的人物中,巴赫确实已经算是比较早的一个了。就现在中小学的音乐教材的内容来看,在大多数人印象中也确实不太清楚巴赫之前还有些什么人。实际上,我们经常能了解到的西方“古典音乐”,大约就是最近三百年左右的时间里的音乐。这其实是音乐教育多年来的习惯所致,当然这种习惯也有是一定道理的。
首先,就“古典音乐”这个词的范畴,多年来有着三种较为普遍的说法:
最宽泛的一种,也就是大家在口头表述时经常用于与“流行音乐”相区分的那个“古典音乐”,它所指的是从巴洛克晚期科雷里,维瓦尔第,巴赫开始经过古典主义时期,浪漫主义,民族乐派等各个时期,一直到近现代,包括了几乎我们所知道的所有西方音乐家和作品的这样一个大概念。这里的“古典”更多地是指一种手法,基本上可以理解为“非流行”。不是现在的,就是古典的。
稍窄一点的一种,“古典音乐”是指从巴洛克晚期科雷里,维瓦尔第,巴赫开始到海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬等为代表的古典主义时期。这样划分大约是因为这一时期的作曲家作品都很质朴,并且都按照很严格的规定和章法进行创作。
最窄的一种,“古典音乐”就是严格指以海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬等为代表的“古典主义”时期,也叫“维也纳古典乐派”。这种划分实际上就是完全依据西方音乐史的分期来定的了。
这三种说法没有谁对谁错,只是其角度和应用场合不同。我个人认为,多年来国内的音乐教材中西方音乐的内容取舍,与第一种古典音乐的概念有关。
第二,之所以过去的音乐课上会着重讲近三百年的音乐,还因为这段时间以前的音乐并不是特别容易被我们接受。因为之前曾说过,巴洛克及以前的音乐,是一种搭积木建模型式的思路,是手法和技术远大于艺术和思想的一种音乐,其实巴赫之所以作品无数,也与这个原因有关。因为他的技术炉火纯青(就像格律诗体制下的杜甫一样,格律规则对于他来说已经融化到血液里,对创作毫无影响了),所以只要有一个句子来自灵感,作为动机,他就可以很快地创作一部完整的作品。传说巴赫写作时速度极快,由于当时用的是羽毛笔,墨水量很大,一页纸写完还来不及干透,巴赫就又能写完一页,为避免两张纸放在一起互相污染,他就在一间大房子里沿墙摆一圈桌子,每张桌子上放一张纸,一张一张地转圈写,最后再往一起放。由此可见,在当时只要技术纯熟,作曲不是一件很难的事。从我们现在对过去音乐作品的分析也可以看出,在分析巴赫作品的各种资料里,也大多都是侧重结构,技巧,很少有人会从巴赫时代的音乐中听出像贝多芬作品那种与命运抗争等等的思想内容。
巴赫尚且如此,那么他之前的音乐更是这样。这种富于技巧但缺少思想内容的音乐,在初级教育阶段往往难以普及,因为它们的审美特征就在于技术,然而要听出其技术的好坏,需要对音乐有较多的了解。因此,在初级教育中,往往要从音乐是否能“听得懂”的角度考虑,那些三百年前的,“听不出意思”的音乐就不在其中了。
第三,近三百年来的音乐前后较有连续性,各方面发展程度接近现在,较为容易接受,也是原因之一。具体说来是这样的:在律制方面(即音乐的定律标准,以什么音为标准,音与音之间是什么关系等),一直沿用至今的十二平均律通过巴赫的《十二平均律钢琴曲集》得到巨大的推广,开始逐渐占据主要位置。在作品方面,“交响曲”这种形式由海顿在前人成果的基础上制定,其它多种现在主要的古典音乐作品体裁也都产生于近三百年中。乐器方面,1709年钢琴发明,完整编制的交响乐团当中所用到的乐器,在十八世纪基本都出现了。所以,近三百年来的音乐,是体系比较连贯,比较能被我们接受的。
我个人认为,基于以上的一些原因,国内的基础教育中古典音乐从巴赫的时代开始,也是有一定道理的。但是如果要全面地了解古典音乐,从巴赫开始就显得比较晚了。西方专业音乐史大约有一千多年(古希腊和罗马的史料很少,一般从罗马帝国灭亡开始算),如果从较为公认的西方音乐鼻祖——格里高利圣咏开始计算,大约也有一千年左右。近三百年之外的七百多年,也是有不少人物和作品值得了解的。举一个简单的例子,你知道因为《我的野蛮女友》而风靡一时的《卡农曲》吧?那一段时间经常能听得到。它的作者约翰·帕赫贝尔,比巴赫大三十多岁,是对巴赫的创作有较大影响的人之一。距今三百多年的作品,在现在仍能成为流行音乐,其实也是一件耐人寻味的事:)
所以,我想如果要系统地了解西方古典音乐,应该从格里高利圣咏(Gregorien Chant)开始,以作品为主导(因为音乐是听觉艺术,不论看什么样的文字介绍,也没有结合听作品那样效率高)。当然,巴洛克以前的作品现在很难能接触到了,能听到什么就尽量听吧。
……
有一个不错的网站推荐给你,http://www.e-classical.com.tw/ ,一个台湾的网络电台,一天24小时不停地播出古典和爵士乐,比较有水准,音质也不错,如果你那里能连得上的话。进入首页后在左边找“网路广播”下面的“FM网路同步广播”就可以听到了。
……
古典音乐是个浩瀚的海洋,祝冲浪愉快! 关于古典音乐的对话(一)前几日和一杉探讨一些关于古典音乐的话题,他的回答给了我很大的启示。经他同意我把他的一些文字转载在这里。同样是经济学班毕业的学生,一杉的音乐修养真令我羡慕得嫉妒哦:-) 第一篇来自他的blog:www.jacketliu.com 答“百度知道”别人问——有关推广古典音乐 jacketruc 发表于 2006-3-31 22:34:14 答:要让人们了解,而不是像现在这样的都让孩子去学演奏,我们不需要那么多演奏员。只需要会欣赏,会听就行,就我的感觉,其实不缺少想知道的人,还是人们知道和了解的机会少。用入门级的作品,来引导想知道的人们,其实让更多的人了解古典作品并不难。关键是两点: 第一,要有这样的场地,机会和条件,要有不计经济利益,不以营利为目的组织和人,坚持作这样的活动。因为流行音乐的本质是作者迎合大众心理,因此,大众在接受上不费力气,不需要动脑子,它天然比较容易推广,而古典音乐是需要大众理解作者,大众去体会作者的意图,这与流行音乐是相反的,欣赏者需要动脑子,需要用心,所以,古典音乐根本上讲不是娱乐型的东西,而是艺术欣赏。这就造成它根本上不会像流行音乐那样的普及。因为他需要欣赏者付出心力,需要欣赏者有基本的知识和了解。也是因此,想通过古典音乐来挣钱,当然比流行音乐难,而当今的条件下,不挣钱的事没人做。因此,古典音乐就更少有机会让人们去了解。 所以我说,不缺少想了解的人,只是此事需要有人来做。一方面,需要有组织和机构或商家,以低利润或平粜的方式,降低门槛,让更多的人有机会了解。另一方面,要在基础教育中重视音乐及其它各种艺术门类的入门教育和推广,改变基础教育中艺术类课程任人宰割的局面,让更多的人有基础知识,有基本了解,才能有进一步欣赏的可能。 第二,除了有组织,机构,有硬件条件之外,古典音乐的推广还需要一批精英的人才。这些人才需要具备足够的音乐专业知识,足够的欣赏水平,足够的实践体会,最重要的,还要用足够的口才和表达能力。一个老师,或者一个向大众介绍古典音乐或者其它艺术门类的人,不能只懂得知识,还要能说得出来,这一点由于难以衡量,一直不被人们重视。一个老师,职称高不代表教得好,学历高不代表讲课效果好,许多时候,一个人的表达是否清晰明了,是否引人入胜,与学历和职称的关系不大。甚至于现在在许多高校中,越是著名的教授,著作等身的学者,讲课越差,这种老师太多太多了。 古典音乐(或者其它各种艺术门类),是一种主观体验的东西,是一种高级的精神层面的思维活动。它不像是科学道理,不像数理化那样能摆在人们面前,说是多少就是多少,没有商量。艺术是主观的,要把我所欣赏到的主观的情绪化的东西,传达给别人,变成别人心里的主观感受,这种从主观到主观的过程是非常难实现的,要想实现得好,就更困难。 因此,推广古典音乐,不但需要懂得音乐的人,而且还需要在懂音乐的人中挑选表达能力极好的人去投入地实践,才能保持住本来想了解古典音乐的人的兴趣,否则,我想许多人本想了解,但很可能他们的在第一次接触后就再也没兴趣了。因为推广者的问题而破坏了人们了解的兴趣,这种事情现在太多了。 总而言之,古典音乐的推广实际上是一个对硬件软件都有极高要求的事情,需要敬业的,精英的人来做,才能收到好的效果。 说句实在话,我个人认为非流行的艺术门类是小众化的,因为它需要欣赏者有很好的素质和水平,至少是对某一种艺术门类的深入地了解。就我国目前的情况,具备这种欣赏能力的人必然只是一小部分。就像京剧一样,我相信它不会消失,但我也坚信它在当今社会不可能回到一百年前的普及程度,京剧现在已经小众化了。其实其它艺术门类也一样,高雅艺术是要小众化的,它不可难被很大面积地推广。 但我不排斥对高雅艺术的推广,我当然也希望有更多的人了解它。 18/07/2006 a transcript: courtesy to PBS NewHour with Jim LehrerOctober 14 , 2005
PAUL SOLMAN: Jim McGregor, a Wall Street Journal reporter turned businessman who's worked in China for twenty years, says the classroom control never ends. JIM McGREGOR: It's hard to innovate and create in a society that controls the media, controls, controls thought in many ways at universities. Chinese people perform best out of China when it comes to research and development. PAUL SOLMAN: And those who stay in China to do R&D, like these employees at the company developing Tsinghua University's technology seem oblivious -- or defensive -- about thought control. I told them about watching the censored CNN report: PAUL SOLMAN: So the story started and suddenly the TV was blank. EMPLOYEE: So your view is? PAUL SOLMAN: That somebody stopped the story -- PAUL SOLMAN: Well it was, somebody came -- EMPLOYEE: This is a report you got only from CNN journalist, so the view might not be objective enough. In fact, China is much more open than you can imagine. We are doing fine and we are making progress every single day.
Government corruption PAUL SOLMAN: Wanting to ask about the effects of repression, I wound up debating its very existence. But why do young Chinese still look the other way? DAVID MOSER: Sometimes the people who are the youngest, the most well-educated, the most Internet savvy are the ones who are least likely to say anything against the government. PAUL SOLMAN: American David Moser is something of a celebrity in China, appearing on TV as a commentator, a talent show judge and occasionally, Confucius. DAVID MOSER: Remember another one of my famous sayings -- PAUL SOLMAN: But it's only when he's off Chinese TV, and on PBS, that Moser can criticize uncritical Confucian authority worship, which also leads to a second economic problem he says: unchecked corruption. DAVID MOSER: One of the biggest problems with the evolving Chinese economy is corruption and that if you don't have a free flow of information you don't have a free press, you really cannot address the issue of corruption, right. That's one thing. PAUL SOLMAN: Right, because there's nobody to blow the whistle. DAVID MOSER: There's nobody to blow the whistle, right. And what you have now is a situation where a very small group of people in the government are making very, very massive and important economic decisions with virtually no public forum for discussion or for dissent. PAUL SOLMAN: For example, says Moser -- DAVID MOSER: You've had massive social disruption as the one-child policy creates this generation of only children. You have all these parents and grandparents retiring that no longer have the, the guaranteed cradle-to-grave benefits they were suppose to get under, under Marxism. And yet, you don't have the public forum in which this stuff can be talked about. PAUL SOLMAN: And you can't raise that when you're on one of your shows? You can't kind of work that in, in some clever comedic way? DAVID MOSER: Let's see. How can I put this? No. (laugh)
China's younger generation PAUL SOLMAN: So repression allows for corruption, for poor economic policy-making, and, it stultifies innovation. So why do cosmopolitan young Chinese allow it? DAVID MOSER: They've made a bargain with the devil here because they, the young people are the ones who are most set up to benefit from the economic modernization itself, right? It's a little distressing to talk with them sometimes, especially during the recent anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. A lot of them are not really aware that, exactly what happened and they don't care. A lot of them really don't care. HANDEL LEE: A friend of mine described it as the anaconda in the chandelier. PAUL SOLMAN: Handel Lee is a very successful Chinese-American businessman who's opening a new nightclub in Beijing. HANDEL LEE: The anaconda may never come out, but it's up there. Sometimes you can feel it, and a lot of people say, oh, it's a communist. It's not communist. It's Chinese. It's authoritarianism that's very, very Chinese or Confucian. PAUL SOLMAN: Confucian, I thought Confucianism was a good influence on societies like China, Asian societies, with respect for the elders, hard work -- HANDEL LEE: Well in Confucianism, you don't question authority. I mean, that's just unheard of in a Chinese household. Governments demand that same sort of respect.
Future economic development PAUL SOLMAN: So where is this unique blend of Communist Party dictatorship, Confucian authoritarianism and a free market free-for-all headed? Pessimists like Labor leader Han Dongfang fear that continuing economic growth simply sustain Communist Party oppression. HAN DONGFANG: We're basically facing the worst marriage in human history which is capitalist and communist; and the workers on one hand they have to deal with this evil critical power that make them cannot open their mouth; on the other hand you face this huge economical giant which is running around the globe. PAUL SOLMAN: But optimists like Liu Chuanzhi, who managed the Chinese buyout of IBM's personal computer business, claim that as the economics develops, so will the politics. LIU CHUANZHI: In China we have to first to start with the economic one and I think with that kind of person it will be reform in the political area soon. At the very beginning, it is up to one person, the leader to use his authority and his power and control the situation, but later on, when everything is okay, there's no need for the leader to do everything. PAUL SOLMAN: There remains a third possibility, however, one that we in the U.S. might find especially hard to swallow: that there won't be political reform in China anytime soon. Yet economic growth will continue, even to the next, more advanced stage of development, in which case, some might read a worrisome moral into the story of China's economic success: Perhaps growth can co-exist with corruption and soft authoritarianism. Maybe successful economic decisions can be made by a few at the top; and just possibly, maybe there can be innovation without representation.
这里面的David Moser就是经常在CCTV露面的一个美国人叫莫大伟,中文说得很溜有点像大山,好像也是某个著名相声演员的徒弟吧。2003年非典前那阵子我和他在人大聊过几句,当时有一个会议上请他来表演了一段脱口秀。挺不错的一个人,在中国混得也挺好,没想到还挺有思想的(虽然也只能跟他的同胞说说罢了。) 17/07/2006 the New Age有一次在网上填一些个人资料,在“信仰”那一栏的下拉列表里发现了"religious", "spiritual but not religious"等几个选项。后来我发现很多人在这里都选择了“spiritual but not religious”,尤其是比较年轻的人。 最近向一位朋友请教一些关于古典音乐的话题,他特别提到那首因为《我的野蛮女友》而风靡一时的《卡农曲》,其作者约翰·帕赫贝尔比我脑海中的“古典音乐鼻祖”巴赫还要大三十多岁。朋友说“距今三百多年的作品,在现在仍能成为流行音乐,其实也是一件耐人寻味的事”。我油然想到自己喜欢这首“variations on canon”完全是因为George Winston的演奏。George Winston是一位被贴上了New Age(新纪元)标签的美国演奏家,而国内非常流行的Enya,神秘园等等也都带着New Age的标签。从大学里面这几个组合的流行程度看,New Age似乎特别能俘虏中国年轻人的心。到底什么是New Age,它的魔力来自何处? 我带着这个问题搜索一通,结果很是出乎我的意料:New Age指的是自上世纪80年代在西方兴起的一场新思想运动,或曰灵性运动(spiritual exploration),而非限于某个音乐流派;它带有一些宗教的特质而远远不能被称为一种宗教。按照wikipedia的解释, The term New Age describes a broad movement of late 20th century and contemporary Western culture, characterised by an individual eclectic approach to spiritual exploration. Collectively, New Age has some attributes of an emergent religion, but it is too diverse and diffuse to qualify. [1] [2] Many of the ideas of the New Age movement are elements of older spiritual and religious traditions, from both east and west, melded with modern ideas from science especially psychology and ecology. Out of the movement have come a wide-ranging literature on spirituality, new musical styles and even crafts - most visible in specialty shops and New Age fairs. The name "New Age" also refers to part of the LOHAS market segment in which its goods and services are sold to people in the movement. [3]
Definitions Though there are no formal or definitive boundaries for membership; those who are likely to sample many diverse teachings and practices (from both 'mainstream' and 'fringe' traditions) and to formulate their own beliefs and practices based on their experiences can be considered as New Age. [1] Rather than follow the lead of an organised religion, "New Agers" typically construct their own spiritual journey based on material taken as needed from the mystical traditions of the worlds religions, also including shamanism, neopaganism and occultism. [2] Most New Age practices and beliefs may be characterized as a form of alternative spirituality or alternative religion. Even apparent exceptions, such as alternative medicine or traditional medicine practices, often have some spiritual dimension —such as a conceptual integration of mind, body, and spirit. The term New Age is generally limited to a Western or modern context where the Judeo-Christian tradition and/or Positivism are dominant, so the use of "alternative" in New Age thought generally implies a contrast with these dominant religious and or scientific beliefs. Hence, many New Age ideas and practices contain either explicit or implied critiques of organised mainstream Christianity —emphasis on meditation suggests that simple prayer and faith is insufficient. Belief in reincarnation (which not all New Age followers accept) challenges familiar Christian doctrines of the afterlife.
按wikipedia中文版的解释, 起源新紀元運動(NEW AGE)並沒有特定確實的發起人或是團體,不過都不約而同的提到這樣的概念,因此便給這樣的思想一個新紀元運動的名稱。 其中的概念有
其實其它宗教也有提到,只是這些概念改用現代人的用語來說。 宗教新纪元宗教思想强调跨宗教的融合,特别是加入东方(特别是印度)的修行方式。然而,有基督徒团体认为新纪元宗教思想盲目引入东方的秘术训练,以至在念咒或冥想时吸引了邪灵的入侵,而对新纪元思想大加鞭挞,认为是一种交鬼的行为。 [编辑]
灵性靈性的追求,是新紀元運動的一個重要元素。雖然西方文化主要以基督教文化為根基,但不少人其實只是掛名的基督徒─即使每個星期到教堂崇拜,也不過是例行公事,更遑論自發的靈修了。因此,在1960年代的歐美人士,在物質主義的薰陶下,普遍上都心靈空虛。有些人會透過濫交來填補內心的空虛,但亦有人選擇學習東方(主要是印度)的神秘學說,希望借此來提升自我的靈性。
把这两个语言版本的解释结合起来看,便不难得到一个比较完整的答案。New Age植根于西方,是对于其本身基督教文明的一种反动;要达到这个目的,自然要融合很多东方思想的元素,这也是为什么新纪元音乐在我们听来既有新鲜感,又有一种若有若无的亲切感,同时还能起到抚慰心灵的作用。既然新纪元强调的是精神生活和灵性,是多元、融合,它的内容和边界都是模糊的和高度个人化的,因此不可能成为宗教。 最后我想说的一点是,如果对基督教本身没有充分的了解,便很难完全认识New Age作为一种反动存在的意义。就好像达芬奇密码在西方世界的畅销不是一件坏事,但传到中国却会误导一大批对基督教尚一无所知的人一样。溯流而上,看清事物发展的脉络,总是快乐而又意义的。
11/07/2006 买车了下午买了车,这是我在美国的第一件“财产”,根据密苏里州的法律免了第一年的财产税。今天天气非常闷热,但是我们办事的效率很高,尾气检测、车检、买保险,产权转让,跑了很多地方,三个多小时就搞定了。感谢元方兄的大力相助,感谢上帝! 这辆车Toyota Corolla(丰田花冠)伴随了元方读PhD的五年,感情一定是很深的;办完手续后,他不无伤感地说,从现在开始,我要借你的车开了。我想说,托你的福,但愿这辆车也能给我带来好运:)
03/07/2006 Time to Say Goodbye1996年,Andrea Bocelli和Sarah Brightman被邀在为德国世界轻重量级冠军拳手Henry Maske所举行的欢送赛上演唱Time to Say Goodbye (Con te partiro)。这首歌感情深沉婉转,两位天皇巨星的演绎更曾令我久久陶醉。 2006年的夏天注定是一个告别的季节。德国世界杯上,曾经叱咤风云的足坛宿将们一个接着一个,用自己的方式对爱他们的球迷、对世界做盛大的告别演出。内德维德的长跪不起,贝克汉姆的独自饮泣,令哪怕是不熟悉他们的人为之动容;那一刻,伤痛和泪水所铸造的铁骨柔情感动着世界。 2006年的夏天,阿加西在英国结束了他的最后一场温网公开赛,面对20岁西班牙小将Nadal的强势挑战,虽然沉着果断,但移动和进攻已经显得力不从心。这位1992年即夺得温网公开赛冠军的少年英雄,终于在他大满贯的起点谢幕,告别温布尔顿,告别“不老的传奇”。比赛结束后的访谈中,我看着阿加西的脸庞,无法相信他已经36岁,那轻松的笑容和清澈的眼神仿佛已经将他定格在了20多岁的青春年华。记忆里第一次读到有关阿加西的新闻是在1997年的江苏广播电视报上报道他和波姬小丝(Brooke Shields)的婚礼,波姬小丝比他大5岁,高5公分——这次短暂的婚姻后来令他几乎丧失了自信。初中里的一条普普通通的新闻,两个并不奇怪的细节为何在我的记忆里储藏这么久,这是一个谜。 不管你是不是一个体育迷,你都不会对这些名字感到陌生,因为他们是如此牢固的和这个时代结合在了一起,他们的辉煌和落寞就像弥漫在大地上的空气,让很多人的心随之跳跃起伏。看着媒体中连篇累牍的“告别”文字,我知道,2006年的夏天是一个时代的终结,很多我们熟悉的人将告别他们的舞台,把鲜花和掌声留给更新的一代人。而那些远去的背影会长久地得到我们的祝福,因他们与我们青春同在。 |
|
|